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1 process licence
Экономика: лицензия на процесс -
2 process licence
English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > process licence
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3 licence
n1) лицензия
- active licence
- assignable licence
- banking licence
- blanket licence
- bloc licence
- building licence
- compulsory licence
- contractual licence
- credit licence
- cross licence
- currency licence
- customs licence
- driver's licence
- exclusive licence
- export licence
- feedback licence
- field-of-use licence
- flat licence
- free licence
- full licence
- general licence
- general import licence
- global licence
- import licence
- individual licence
- indivisible licence
- intermediate advance licence
- know-how licence
- lighterage licence
- limited licence
- liquor licence
- manufacturing licence
- nonassignable licence
- nonexclusive licence
- nonpatent licence
- nontransferable licence
- open licence
- open general licence
- operating licence
- ordinary licence
- package licence
- passive licence
- patent licence
- per unit licence
- price fixing licence
- process licence
- quantity-based advance licence
- reciprocal licence
- reimport licence
- restrictive licence
- retroactive licence
- royalty-bearing licence
- royalty-free licence
- selling licence
- simple licence
- single licence
- sole licence
- special licence
- special imprest licence
- specific import licence
- territorial limited licence
- trademark licence
- trading licence
- transferable licence
- transhipment licence
- valid licence
- validated licence
- value-based advance licence
- voluntary licence
- licence for design
- licence for equipment
- licence for industrial technology
- licence for an invention
- licence for a patent
- licence on a process
- licence to manufacture
- licence to operate
- licence to use
- licence under a patent
- under a licence
- acquire a licence
- apply for a licence
- award a licence
- buy a licence
- cancel a licence
- extend a licence
- forfeit a licence
- freeze a licence
- give a licence
- grant a licence
- have a licence
- hold a licence
- import under a licence
- issue a licence
- issue an operating licence
- make under a licence
- manufacture under a licence
- market a licence
- obtain a licence
- possess a licence
- produce under a licence
- purchase a licence
- refuse a licence
- renew a licence
- renounce a licence
- revalidate a licence
- revoke a licence
- secure a licence
- sell a licence
- suspend a licence
- take out a licence
- take up a licence
- withdraw a licenceEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > licence
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4 licence on a process
Экономика: лицензия на процесс -
5 licence tendering process
Горное дело: процесс получения лицензии на тендере / аукционеУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > licence tendering process
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6 licence on a process
English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > licence on a process
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7 Beurteilungsverfahren
■ Administratives Verfahren, mit dem überprüft wird, ob der Lizenzbewerber die vom Lizenzgeber vorgesehenen Mindestanforderungen und Kriterien erfüllt, die als Grundlage für die Erteilung einer Lizenz dienen.■ Minimum requirements that the licensor has to put in place for verification of compliance with the criteria described in the manual as the basis for the issuance of a licence to a football club. -
8 Kernprozess
■ Administratives Verfahren, mit dem überprüft wird, ob der Lizenzbewerber die vom Lizenzgeber vorgesehenen Mindestanforderungen und Kriterien erfüllt, die als Grundlage für die Erteilung einer Lizenz dienen.■ Minimum requirements that the licensor has to put in place for verification of compliance with the criteria described in the manual as the basis for the issuance of a licence to a football club. -
9 permiso
permiso sustantivo masculino 1 ( autorización) permission; ( documento) permit, license( conjugate license); (con) permiso ( al abrirse paso) excuse me; ( al entrar) may I come in?; permiso de residencia residence permit, green card (AmE); permiso de trabajo work permit 2 ( días libres) leave;
permiso sustantivo masculino
1 (autorización) permission: me pidió permiso, he asked my permission
2 (documento) licence, permit
permiso de conducir, driving licence, permiso de exportación/residencia, export/ residence permit
permiso de obras, planning permission
3 (días libres) leave: estoy de permiso, I'm on leave ' permiso' also found in these entries: Spanish: dar - dejar - desautorizar - perdón - permitirse - renovar - residencia - tramitar - venia - ausentarse - baja - conceder - conseguir - denegar - ello - enfermedad - excedente - extender - gestionar - importación - negar - pase - pedir - poder - sacar - solicitar English: assent - AWOL - barge in - can - clear - consent - excuse - grant - holder - lapse - leave - licence - may - pass - permission - permit - residence permit - sanction - withdraw - working paper - by - driver's license - duly - furlough - green - license - planning - process - sick - sick pay - written -
10 Solvay, Ernest
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 16 April 1838 Rebcq, near Brussels, Belgiumd. 26 May 1922 Brussels, Belgium[br]Belgian manufacturer, first successfully to produce soda by the ammonia-soda process.[br]From the beginning of the nineteenth century, soda had been manufactured by the Leblanc process. Important though it was, serious drawbacks had shown themselves early on. The worst was the noxious alkali waste left after the extraction of the soda, in such large quantities that two tons of waste were produced for one of soda. The first attempt to work out an alternative process was by the French scientist and engineer A.J. Fresnel, but it failed. The process consisted essentially of passing carbon dioxide into a solution of ammonia in brine (sodium chloride). The product, sodium bicarbonate, could easily be converted to soda by heating. For over half a century, practical difficulties, principally the volatility of the ammonia, dogged the process and a viable solution eluded successive chemists, including James Muspratt and William Deacon.Finally, Ernest Solvay and his brother Alfred tackled the problem, and in 1861 they filed a Belgian patent for improvements, notably the introduction of a carbonating tower, which made the process continuous. The first works were set up at Couillet in 1863, but four further years of hard work were still needed to overcome teething troubles. Once the Solvay ammonia-soda process was working well, it made rapid strides. It was introduced into Britain in 1872 under licence to Ludwig Mond and four years later Solvay opened the large Dombaske works in France.Solvay was a member of the Belgian Senate and a Minister of State. International institutes of physics, chemistry and sociology are named after him.[br]Further ReadingP.Heger and C.Lefebvre, 1919, La vie d'Ernest Solvay.Obituary, 1922, Ind. Eng. Chem.: 1,156.LRD -
11 PPL
1) Компьютерная техника: Polar Plasma Laboratory, Polymorphic Programming Language2) Американизм: Priority Project List3) Спорт: Protected Player List4) Военный термин: plan position landing, power plant laboratory, preferred parts list, preliminary parts list, provisioning parts list, purchased parts list5) Техника: plasma physics laboratory, plutonium product loadout, primary payload, priority placement list, pulse pair logarithm, pipelayer6) Финансы: Preliminary Project Letter7) Грубое выражение: piss poor leadership8) Сокращение: Parts Provisioning List, Preferred Products List, Private Pilot License9) Вычислительная техника: path programmable logic, preferred product list, связь между процессами, Polymorphic Programming Language (Harvard, Xerox, PARC)10) Транспорт: Private Pilots Licence, Pushing Past Limits11) Воздухоплавание: Private Pilot Licence12) Деловая лексика: Pay Per Lead13) Сетевые технологии: process-to-process linking14) Программирование: Perform Perpetual Loop15) Химическое оружие: pick and place ladder, primary plant layout16) Расходометрия: Permanent Pressure Loss17) NYSE. P P L Corporation -
12 Ppl
1) Компьютерная техника: Polar Plasma Laboratory, Polymorphic Programming Language2) Американизм: Priority Project List3) Спорт: Protected Player List4) Военный термин: plan position landing, power plant laboratory, preferred parts list, preliminary parts list, provisioning parts list, purchased parts list5) Техника: plasma physics laboratory, plutonium product loadout, primary payload, priority placement list, pulse pair logarithm, pipelayer6) Финансы: Preliminary Project Letter7) Грубое выражение: piss poor leadership8) Сокращение: Parts Provisioning List, Preferred Products List, Private Pilot License9) Вычислительная техника: path programmable logic, preferred product list, связь между процессами, Polymorphic Programming Language (Harvard, Xerox, PARC)10) Транспорт: Private Pilots Licence, Pushing Past Limits11) Воздухоплавание: Private Pilot Licence12) Деловая лексика: Pay Per Lead13) Сетевые технологии: process-to-process linking14) Программирование: Perform Perpetual Loop15) Химическое оружие: pick and place ladder, primary plant layout16) Расходометрия: Permanent Pressure Loss17) NYSE. P P L Corporation -
13 ppl
1) Компьютерная техника: Polar Plasma Laboratory, Polymorphic Programming Language2) Американизм: Priority Project List3) Спорт: Protected Player List4) Военный термин: plan position landing, power plant laboratory, preferred parts list, preliminary parts list, provisioning parts list, purchased parts list5) Техника: plasma physics laboratory, plutonium product loadout, primary payload, priority placement list, pulse pair logarithm, pipelayer6) Финансы: Preliminary Project Letter7) Грубое выражение: piss poor leadership8) Сокращение: Parts Provisioning List, Preferred Products List, Private Pilot License9) Вычислительная техника: path programmable logic, preferred product list, связь между процессами, Polymorphic Programming Language (Harvard, Xerox, PARC)10) Транспорт: Private Pilots Licence, Pushing Past Limits11) Воздухоплавание: Private Pilot Licence12) Деловая лексика: Pay Per Lead13) Сетевые технологии: process-to-process linking14) Программирование: Perform Perpetual Loop15) Химическое оружие: pick and place ladder, primary plant layout16) Расходометрия: Permanent Pressure Loss17) NYSE. P P L Corporation -
14 patent
['peitənt, ]( American[) 'pæ-] 1. noun(an official licence from the government giving one person or business the right to make and sell a particular article and to prevent others from doing the same: She took out a patent on her design; ( also adjective) a patent process.) patent; patentrettighed; patent-2. verb(to obtain a patent for; He patented his new invention.) patentere* * *['peitənt, ]( American[) 'pæ-] 1. noun(an official licence from the government giving one person or business the right to make and sell a particular article and to prevent others from doing the same: She took out a patent on her design; ( also adjective) a patent process.) patent; patentrettighed; patent-2. verb(to obtain a patent for; He patented his new invention.) patentere -
15 Evans, Oliver
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 13 September 1755 Newport, Delaware, USAd. 15 April 1819 New York, USA[br]American millwright and inventor of the first automatic corn mill.[br]He was the fifth child of Charles and Ann Stalcrop Evans, and by the age of 15 he had four sisters and seven brothers. Nothing is known of his schooling, but at the age of 17 he was apprenticed to a Newport wheelwright and wagon-maker. At 19 he was enrolled in a Delaware Militia Company in the Revolutionary War but did not see active service. About this time he invented a machine for bending and cutting off the wires in textile carding combs. In July 1782, with his younger brother, Joseph, he moved to Tuckahoe on the eastern shore of the Delaware River, where he had the basic idea of the automatic flour mill. In July 1782, with his elder brothers John and Theophilus, he bought part of his father's Newport farm, on Red Clay Creek, and planned to build a mill there. In 1793 he married Sarah Tomlinson, daughter of a Delaware farmer, and joined his brothers at Red Clay Creek. He worked there for some seven years on his automatic mill, from about 1783 to 1790.His system for the automatic flour mill consisted of bucket elevators to raise the grain, a horizontal screw conveyor, other conveying devices and a "hopper boy" to cool and dry the meal before gathering it into a hopper feeding the bolting cylinder. Together these components formed the automatic process, from incoming wheat to outgoing flour packed in barrels. At that time the idea of such automation had not been applied to any manufacturing process in America. The mill opened, on a non-automatic cycle, in 1785. In January 1786 Evans applied to the Delaware legislature for a twenty-five-year patent, which was granted on 30 January 1787 although there was much opposition from the Quaker millers of Wilmington and elsewhere. He also applied for patents in Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Hampshire. In May 1789 he went to see the mill of the four Ellicot brothers, near Baltimore, where he was impressed by the design of a horizontal screw conveyor by Jonathan Ellicot and exchanged the rights to his own elevator for those of this machine. After six years' work on his automatic mill, it was completed in 1790. In the autumn of that year a miller in Brandywine ordered a set of Evans's machinery, which set the trend toward its general adoption. A model of it was shown in the Market Street shop window of Robert Leslie, a watch-and clockmaker in Philadelphia, who also took it to England but was unsuccessful in selling the idea there.In 1790 the Federal Plant Laws were passed; Evans's patent was the third to come within the new legislation. A detailed description with a plate was published in a Philadelphia newspaper in January 1791, the first of a proposed series, but the paper closed and the series came to nothing. His brother Joseph went on a series of sales trips, with the result that some machinery of Evans's design was adopted. By 1792 over one hundred mills had been equipped with Evans's machinery, the millers paying a royalty of $40 for each pair of millstones in use. The series of articles that had been cut short formed the basis of Evans's The Young Millwright and Miller's Guide, published first in 1795 after Evans had moved to Philadelphia to set up a store selling milling supplies; it was 440 pages long and ran to fifteen editions between 1795 and 1860.Evans was fairly successful as a merchant. He patented a method of making millstones as well as a means of packing flour in barrels, the latter having a disc pressed down by a toggle-joint arrangement. In 1801 he started to build a steam carriage. He rejected the idea of a steam wheel and of a low-pressure or atmospheric engine. By 1803 his first engine was running at his store, driving a screw-mill working on plaster of Paris for making millstones. The engine had a 6 in. (15 cm) diameter cylinder with a stroke of 18 in. (45 cm) and also drove twelve saws mounted in a frame and cutting marble slabs at a rate of 100 ft (30 m) in twelve hours. He was granted a patent in the spring of 1804. He became involved in a number of lawsuits following the extension of his patent, particularly as he increased the licence fee, sometimes as much as sixfold. The case of Evans v. Samuel Robinson, which Evans won, became famous and was one of these. Patent Right Oppression Exposed, or Knavery Detected, a 200-page book with poems and prose included, was published soon after this case and was probably written by Oliver Evans. The steam engine patent was also extended for a further seven years, but in this case the licence fee was to remain at a fixed level. Evans anticipated Edison in his proposal for an "Experimental Company" or "Mechanical Bureau" with a capital of thirty shares of $100 each. It came to nothing, however, as there were no takers. His first wife, Sarah, died in 1816 and he remarried, to Hetty Ward, the daughter of a New York innkeeper. He was buried in the Bowery, on Lower Manhattan; the church was sold in 1854 and again in 1890, and when no relative claimed his body he was reburied in an unmarked grave in Trinity Cemetery, 57th Street, Broadway.[br]Further ReadingE.S.Ferguson, 1980, Oliver Evans: Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution, Hagley Museum.G.Bathe and D.Bathe, 1935, Oliver Evans: Chronicle of Early American Engineering, Philadelphia, Pa.IMcN -
16 Martin, Pierre Emile
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 18 August 1824 Bourges, Franced. 23 May 1915 Fourchambault, France[br]French metallurgist, pioneer of open-hearth steelmaking.[br]His father Emile owned an iron-and steelworks at Sireuil, near Angoulême, and, through this, Pierre became interested in improving the steelmaking process. In England, C.W. Siemens had developed the regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery that produced a much higher furnace temperature. In 1863, the Martins applied this process in an open-hearth furnace built under licence from Siemens, with the aid of his engineers. They melted a mixture of pig-and wrought iron to produce steel with the required carbon content. Martin exhibited the product at the Paris Exhibition of 1867 and was awarded a gold medal. The open-hearth process was for a long time known as the Siemens-Martin process, but Martin did not share in the profits which others gained from its successful adoption. He had difficulty in obtaining patent rights as it was claimed that the principles of the process were already known and in use. The costs of litigation brought Martin to the brink of poverty, from which relief came only late in life, when in 1907 the Comité des Forges de France opened a subscription for him that was generously supported. A week before his death, the Iron and Steel Institute of London bestowed on him their Bessemer gold medal.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsIron and Steel Institute Bessemer Gold Medal 1915.Further ReadingObituary, 1915, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 91:466.LRD -
17 license
n юр. ліцензія; a ліцензійний1. правовий дозвіл або повноваження на право здійснення певних операцій, використання привілею або виконання підприємницької чи фахової діяльності; 2. офіційний документ на дозвіл чи повноваження, який видається державними органами або юридично уповноваженими приватними особами═════════■═════════blanket license загальна ліцензія; bloc license генеральна ліцензія; boating license ліцензія на право користування човном; broadcasting license ліцензія на трансляцію; builder's license будівельна ліцензія • ліцензія забудовника; compulsory license примусова ліцензія; contractual license договірна ліцензія; cross license перехресна ліцензія; current license поточна ліцензія • чинна ліцензія; driver's license права водія; electrician's license ліцензія електротехніка; exclusive license виключна ліцензія; expired license прострочена ліцензія; export license ліцензія на експорт; fishing license ліцензія на риболовство; flat license безумовна ліцензія; general license загальна ліцензія; hunting license мисливська ліцензія; import license (I/L; impli) ліцензія на імпорт; individual license разова ліцензія; interim license тимчасова ліцензія; limited license обмежена ліцензія; liquor license ліцензія на продаж алкогольних напоїв; manufacturing license ліцензія на право виробництва; mooring license ліцензія на стоянку судна; nontransferable license ліцензія, яка не підлягає передачі; open license проста ліцензія; operating license операційна ліцензія • ліцензія на використання; ordinary license проста ліцензія; pilot's license ліцензія пілота; plumber's license ліцензія сантехніка; restrictive license обмежена ліцензія; retroactive license ліцензія, яка має зворотну силу; selling license ліцензія на право продажу; shooter's license мисливська ліцензія • ліцензія стрільця; shopkeeper's license торговельна ліцензія • ліцензія торговця; software license ліцензія на засоби програмування; temporary license тимчасова ліцензія; trader's license ліцензія торговця; trading license торговельна ліцензія; transferable license ліцензія з правом передачі; valid license чинна ліцензія═════════□═════════license bond ліцензійна застава; license for design ліцензія на зразок; license for equipment ліцензія на обладнання; license for a patent ліцензія на патент; license laws ліцензійні закони; license on a process ліцензія на процес; license to manufacture ліцензія на право виробництва; license to operate ліцензія на концесію; to acquire a license придбати ліцензію; to apply for a license звертатися/звернутися з проханням про ліцензію; to buy a license купувати/купити ліцензію; to cancel a license скасовувати/скасувати ліцензію; to extend a license продовжувати/продовжити ліцензію; to forfeit a license втрачати/втратити право на ліцензію; to give a license давати/дати ліцензію; to grant a license видавати/видати ліцензію; to have a license мати ліцензію; to hold a license мати ліцензію; to issue a license видавати/видати ліцензію; to obtain a license одержувати/одержати ліцензію • отримувати/отримати ліцензію; to purchase a license купувати/купити ліцензію; to refuse a license відмовляти/відмовити в ліцензії; to revalidate a license відновлювати/відновити ліцензію; to secure a license одержувати/одержати ліцензію • отримувати/отримати ліцензію; to take out a license придбати ліцензію; to withdraw a license відкликати/відкликати ліцензію; under license згідно з ліцензієюlicense (амер., канад.):: licence (австрал., англ.); license ‡ encumbrance (385)═════════◇═════════ліцензія < лат. licentia — свобода, право < лат. licet — можна, дозволяється, licēre — пропонуватися на продаж, оцінюватися; припускається спорідненість з лит lygstu — стаю рівним, псл. lice, укр. лице; пор. англ. licence, фр. licence, нім. Lizénz (ЕСУМ 3: 273)▹▹ permit -
18 application
n1) заявка; заявление2) ходатайство3) применение; использование; назначение (прибора и т.п.)
- additional application
- advance application
- business application
- cognate application
- commercial application
- companion application
- complete application
- convention application
- copending applications
- design application
- divisional application
- efficient application
- evaluated application
- export application
- extensive application
- fast-track application
- fertilizer application
- field application
- first application
- import application
- incoming applications
- independent application
- industrial application
- insurance application
- interfering application
- joint application
- junior application
- legal application
- licence application
- limited application
- loan application
- missing application
- multiple application
- objectionable patent application
- on-the-job application
- original application
- parent application
- patent application
- peaceful application
- pending application
- potential application
- practical application
- preliminary application
- previous application
- prior application
- provisional application
- reciprocity application
- related application
- renewal application
- representative application
- restricted application
- senior application
- single application
- specific application
- territorial application
- uniform application of tax laws
- valid application
- vicious patent application
- visa application
- wide application
- application for admission
- application for allotment of shares
- application for compensation
- application for credit
- application for exhibition space
- application for expertise
- application for exportation
- application for grant
- application for grant of a patent
- application for an import permit
- application for invention rights
- application for a job
- application for leave
- application for a licence
- application for listing
- application for participation
- application for a patent
- application for payment
- application for a permit
- application for a position
- application for postponement
- application for quotation
- application for registration
- application for reissue of a patent
- application for respite
- application for review
- application for space
- application for stand reservation
- application for a vacancy
- application for a visa
- application of automation
- application of experience
- application of expertise
- application of funds
- application of a licence
- application of new technologies
- application of provisions
- application of a sanction
- application to arbitration
- upon application
- prices on application
- accept an application
- consider an application
- disclaim an application
- draw up an application
- effect an application
- examine an application
- execute an application
- file an application
- fill in an application
- fill in an application for an issue of shares
- find application
- grant an application
- interfere with an application
- invite applications for shares
- lodge an application
- make an application
- prepare an application
- process a patent application
- refuse an application
- reject an application
- renew an application
- submit an application
- uphold an application
- withdraw an applicationEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > application
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19 Claudet, Antoine François Jean
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 12 August 1797 Franced. 27 December 1867 London, England[br]French pioneer photographer and photographic inventor in England.[br]He began his working life in banking but soon went into glassmaking and in 1829 he moved to London to open a glass warehouse. On hearing of the first practicable photographic processes in 1834, Claudet visited Paris, where he received instruction in the daguerreotype process from the inventor Daguerre, and purchased a licence to operate in England. On returning to London he began to sell daguerreotype views of Paris and Rome, but was soon taking and selling his own views of London. At this time exposures could take as long as thirty minutes and portraiture from life was impracticable. Claudet was fascinated by the possibilities of the daguerreotype and embarked on experiments to improve the process. In 1841 he published details of an accelerated process and took out a patent proposing the use of flat painted backgrounds and a red light in dark-rooms. In June of that year Claudet opened the second daguerreotype portrait studio in London, just three months after his rival, Richard Beard. He took stereoscopic photographs for Wheatstone as early as 1842, although it was not until the 1850s that stereoscopy became a major interest. He suggested and patented several improvements to viewers derived from Brewster's pattern.Claudet was also one of the first photographers to practise professionally Talbot's calotype process. He became a personal friend of Talbot, one of the few from whom the inventor was prepared to accept advice. Claudet died suddenly in London following an accident that occurred when he was alighting from an omnibus. A memoir produced shortly after his death lists over forty scientific papers relating to his researches into photography.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1853.Further Reading"The late M.Claudet", 1868, Photographic News 12:3 (obituary)."A.Claudet, FRS, a memoir", 1968, (reprinted from The Scientific Review), London: British Association (a fulsome but valuable Victorian view of Claudet).H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (a comprehensive account of Claudet's daguerreotype work).H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London (provides details of Claudet's relationship with Talbot).JWBiographical history of technology > Claudet, Antoine François Jean
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20 Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 16 April 1850 London, Englandd. 1 February 1885 Paris, France[br]English inventor of basic steelmaking.[br]Thomas was educated at Dulwich College and from the age of 17, for the next twelve years, he made his living as a police-court clerk, although he studied chemistry in his spare time as an evening student at Birkbeck College, London. While there, he heard of the difficulties encountered by the Bessemer steelmaking process, which at that time was limited to using phosphorus-free iron. Any of this element present in the iron was oxidized to phosphoric acid, which would not react with the acidic lining in the converter, with the result that it would remain in the iron and render it too brittle to use. Unfortunately, phosphoric iron ores are more common than those free of this harmful element. Thomas was attracted by the view that a fortune awaited anyone who could solve this problem, and was not discouraged by the failure of several august figures in the industry, including Siemens and Lowthian Bell.Thomas's knowledge of chemistry taught him that whereas an acidic lining allowed the phosphorus to remain in the iron, a basic lining would react with it to form part of the slag, which could then be tapped off. His experiments to find a suitable material were conducted in difficult conditions, in his spare time with meagre apparatus. Finally he found that a converter lined with dolomite, a form of limestone, would succeed, and he appealed to his cousin Percy Carlyle Gilchrist, Chemist at the Blaenavon Ironworks in Monmouthshire, for help in carrying out pilot-scale trials. In 1879 he gave up his police-court job to devote himself to the work, and in the same year they patented the Thomas- Gilchrist process. The first licence to use it was granted to Bolckow, Vaughan \& Co. of Middlesborough, and there the first steel was made in a basic Bessemer converter on 4 April 1879. The process was rapidly taken up and spread widely in Europe and beyond and was applied to other furnaces. Thomas made a fortune, but his health did not long allow him to enjoy it, for he died at the early age of 34.[br]BibliographyL.G.Thompson, 1940, Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, an Invention and Its Consequences, London: Faber.T.G.Davies, 1978, Blaenavon and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, Sheffield: Historical Metallurgy Society.LRDBiographical history of technology > Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist
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